Methodology and disclaimers

How this profile is built

Every number in a report is computed from trusted datasets for the plot or the location and radius you enter. This page defines each metric, the bands used to label it, the limits of the data, and what the report does not cover.

Read this first

This report is built from trusted third-party data. You can check where each figure comes from on our data sources section below. The data is owned by its providers and shown as they publish it, so its accuracy rests with them. The scores and ratings are our own reading of that data, and the reasoning behind them is set out on this page. It does not cover legal title, zoning, water rights or market values, and it does not replace a site visit and lab tests.

This is decision support built on modeled and reanalysis data. It is not legal, financial, agronomic or valuation advice, and it does not replace a site visit, lab soil and water tests, a boundary survey or a title search.

Crop and livestock ranges, and the hazard, disease and profile-card bands, are our own indicative thresholds. They have not yet been reviewed by an agronomist or a livestock specialist, so treat every score and rating as a guide to what to check, not as a finding.

Not covered: Legal title, liens, easements, tenancy and pre-emption rights; Zoning, permitted use and protected-area status; Water rights and irrigation permits; Satellite moisture index and current imagery (not included in this report); Wildfire history (not included in this report); Existing plantings, buildings and infrastructure; Market prices, comparable sales and economics.

Definitions

Metric	Definition
Hardiness zone	USDA-style zone from the 30-year mean of each year's lowest daily minimum temperature (ERA5, 1991–2020). Zone 9a is a mean annual minimum of −6.7 to −3.9 °C. Reanalysis smooths cold pockets, so treat it as a regional value.
Growing degree days (GDD)	Sum of max(0, daily mean − 10 °C) over the warm season (April–October, October–April in the southern hemisphere). The season chart uses the same base 10 °C over the whole year. The original report's figure of about 2,000 matches this base-10 measure.
Winkler class	Regions I to V from base-10 GDD: I up to 1,389; II to 1,667; III to 1,944; IV to 2,222; V above (°C-days).
Huglin index	Sum over April–September (October–March in the south) of ((mean − 10) + (max − 10)) ÷ 2, multiplied by a latitude day-length factor.
Frost-free season	Days between the last spring day and the first autumn day with a minimum below 0 °C, median of 30 years. In the southern hemisphere the year starts in July.
Late-spring frost	Share of years with at least one day at −2 °C or lower after 1 April (1 October in the south).
Winter chill	Hours between 0 and 7.2 °C from 1 November to 31 March (1 May to 30 September in the south), average of 2011–2020.
Leaf wetness (disease pressure proxy)	Hours with relative humidity of 90% or more and temperature from 10 to 30 °C in the warm season, average of 2011–2020. A weather proxy, not observed disease.
Aridity index	Mean annual rain divided by mean annual reference evapotranspiration. Below 0.5 is semi-arid or drier, 0.5 to 0.65 dry sub-humid, above 0.65 humid.
Warm-season water balance	Rain minus evapotranspiration over June–August (December–February in the south).

Bands used on the profile card (indicative)

Factor	Bands
Summer heat (hottest-month high)	Cool below 22 °C · Mild 22–27 · Warm 27–32 · Hot above 32
Rain (annual)	Dry below 400 mm · Moderate 400–800 · Ample 800–1,300 · Very wet above (annual average, 1991 to 2020)
Humidity (warm-season mean)	Dry below 55% · Moderate 55–70% · Humid above 70%
Frost-free season	Short below 150 days · Moderate 150–230 · Long above 230
Proximity to water	High: river, canal or lake within 2 km · Medium within 10 km · Low otherwise
Topsoil organic matter	Low below 1% · Moderate 1–2% · Good 2–5% · High above 5%
Sand	Low below 15% · Moderate 15–40% · High above 40%
Soil pH	Acidic below 5.5 · Neutral to 7.3 · Alkaline above
Slope (mean)	Gentle below 5% · Moderate 5–15% · Steep above 15%
Disease pressure (warm-season wetness)	Low below 300 h · Medium below 800 h · High otherwise
Late frost, heat days	Late frost is the share of years with a hard frost (−2 °C or lower) after 1 April, 1991 to 2020: Low below 10% of years, Medium below 30%, High otherwise · Heat days at 35 °C: Low below 5, Medium below 20, High otherwise

How crops are scored

Each crop has four numbers per factor: an ideal range and a wider tolerable range. A land value inside the ideal range scores Good (2), inside the tolerable range Marginal (1), outside it Poor (0). The score is the weighted average, scaled to 100.

Every factor starts with weight 1. Each priority you pick doubles the weight of its factors.
Irrigated multiplies the rainfall weight by 0.3. Organic multiplies the disease weight by 1.5. Protected cropping multiplies the frost and heat weights by 0.4.
A Poor result on a crop's hard-blocker factor caps the score at 40 and is shown as a blocker.
Strong fit is 80 or more, Workable is 60 to 79, Poor is below 60.
Factors with no data (for example if soil data is unavailable) are left out and the confidence drops to low.

Indicative ideal ranges by crop (83 crops)

Crops are built from a few climate archetypes (for example warm-season annual, winter cereal, temperate tree, Mediterranean tree, subtropical tree) with per-crop overrides. Open a category to see every range.

Cereals · 7 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Wheat (winter) Blockers: none	3a to 11a	18 °C to 28 °C	900 to 2,200	any	400 mm to 900 mm	300 h or more	up to 30%	up to 6 days	up to 500 h	6 to 7.5	15% to 60%
Barley Blockers: none	3a to 11a	16 °C to 26 °C	900 to 2,200	any	350 mm to 800 mm	200 h or more	up to 30%	up to 6 days	up to 500 h	6 to 7.5	15% to 60%
Oats Blockers: none	3a to 11a	15 °C to 24 °C	900 to 2,200	any	500 mm to 1000 mm	200 h or more	up to 30%	up to 6 days	up to 500 h	5.5 to 7	15% to 60%
Rye Blockers: none	2a to 11a	16 °C to 26 °C	900 to 2,200	any	400 mm to 800 mm	200 h or more	up to 30%	up to 6 days	up to 500 h	5 to 7	25% to 75%
Maize (corn) Blockers: none	3a to 12a	24 °C to 32 °C	1,500 to 3,200	130 days or more	500 mm to 1100 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Rice Blockers: frostFree	3a to 12a	25 °C to 33 °C	2,000 to 4,000	150 days or more	1000 mm to 2500 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	5.5 to 7	0% to 40%
Sorghum Blockers: none	3a to 12a	26 °C to 35 °C	1,600 to 3,500	130 days or more	350 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 40 days	up to 450 h	5.5 to 7.8	20% to 65%

Legumes · 6 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Soybeans Blockers: none	3a to 12a	22 °C to 30 °C	1,400 to 2,800	130 days or more	500 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7	20% to 65%
Chickpeas Blockers: none	3a to 12a	20 °C to 30 °C	900 to 2,200	100 days or more	350 mm to 700 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 300 h	6 to 8	20% to 65%
Lentils Blockers: none	3a to 12a	17 °C to 27 °C	700 to 1,800	90 days or more	300 mm to 650 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 300 h	6 to 8	20% to 65%
Field peas Blockers: none	3a to 12a	15 °C to 24 °C	600 to 1,600	90 days or more	400 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Faba beans Blockers: none	3a to 12a	15 °C to 25 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	500 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 50%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 8	20% to 65%
Common beans Blockers: none	3a to 12a	20 °C to 28 °C	1,300 to 3,000	110 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 3 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%

Oilseeds and industrial · 7 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Sunflower Blockers: none	3a to 12a	22 °C to 32 °C	1,300 to 3,000	130 days or more	400 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 20 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.8	20% to 65%
Rapeseed (canola) Blockers: none	3a to 11a	16 °C to 25 °C	900 to 2,200	any	500 mm to 900 mm	200 h or more	up to 30%	up to 6 days	up to 500 h	6 to 7.5	15% to 60%
Peanuts Blockers: none	3a to 12a	24 °C to 32 °C	2,000 to 3,600	140 days or more	500 mm to 1100 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	5.8 to 6.8	40% to 85%
Cotton Blockers: frostFree	3a to 12a	26 °C to 35 °C	2,200 to 4,000	180 days or more	500 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 50 days	up to 450 h	6 to 8	20% to 65%
Sugar beet Blockers: none	3a to 12a	17 °C to 27 °C	900 to 2,200	150 days or more	500 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6.5 to 7.8	20% to 65%
Hemp Blockers: none	3a to 12a	18 °C to 28 °C	1,000 to 2,400	130 days or more	500 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.5	20% to 65%
Hops Blockers: none	3a to 8a	18 °C to 26 °C	1,000 to 1,900	140 days or more	600 mm to 1100 mm	500 h or more	up to 20%	up to 3 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.5	30% to 70%

Vegetables · 23 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Tomatoes Blockers: none	3a to 12a	22 °C to 29 °C	1,300 to 3,000	130 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 400 h	6 to 6.8	20% to 65%
Potatoes Blockers: none	3a to 12a	16 °C to 25 °C	700 to 1,500	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 350 h	5 to 6.5	30% to 70%
Onions Blockers: none	3a to 12a	18 °C to 28 °C	800 to 2,200	90 days or more	350 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 350 h	6 to 7.5	30% to 75%
Garlic Blockers: none	3a to 12a	16 °C to 26 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	200 h or more	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 350 h	6 to 7.5	30% to 75%
Carrots Blockers: none	3a to 12a	16 °C to 26 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7	40% to 85%
Lettuce Blockers: none	3a to 12a	14 °C to 22 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	0 days	up to 350 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Cabbage Blockers: none	3a to 12a	14 °C to 24 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Broccoli Blockers: none	3a to 12a	14 °C to 23 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Cauliflower Blockers: none	3a to 12a	14 °C to 22 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Peppers Blockers: none	3a to 12a	23 °C to 31 °C	1,300 to 3,000	140 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7	20% to 65%
Cucumbers Blockers: none	3a to 12a	22 °C to 30 °C	1,300 to 3,000	110 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Zucchini and squash Blockers: none	3a to 12a	21 °C to 30 °C	1,300 to 3,000	130 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Eggplant Blockers: none	3a to 12a	24 °C to 32 °C	1,300 to 3,000	150 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 5%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Spinach Blockers: none	3a to 12a	12 °C to 22 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	0 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Peas (garden) Blockers: none	3a to 12a	13 °C to 22 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Green beans Blockers: none	3a to 12a	20 °C to 28 °C	1,300 to 3,000	130 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Sweet corn Blockers: none	3a to 12a	23 °C to 31 °C	1,300 to 3,000	130 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Pumpkins Blockers: none	3a to 12a	21 °C to 30 °C	1,300 to 3,000	120 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Asparagus Blockers: none	3a to 9a	20 °C to 30 °C	900 to 2,400	any	400 mm to 900 mm	300 h or more	up to 30%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6.5 to 7.5	40% to 80%
Artichokes Blockers: none	7b to 10a	20 °C to 30 °C	1,300 to 3,000	200 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6.5 to 7.8	20% to 65%
Beetroot Blockers: none	3a to 12a	15 °C to 25 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 400 h	6.2 to 7.5	20% to 65%
Sweet potatoes Blockers: none	3a to 12a	24 °C to 32 °C	2,000 to 4,000	140 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 5%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	5.5 to 6.8	40% to 85%
Melons Blockers: none	3a to 12a	25 °C to 33 °C	1,800 to 3,500	120 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 25%	up to 10 days	up to 350 h	6 to 7.2	40% to 80%

Tree fruit · 11 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Apples Blockers: hz	4a to 8b	19 °C to 28 °C	1,100 to 2,100	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	900 h to 2,000 h	up to 10%	up to 4 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Pears Blockers: hz	4a to 8b	19 °C to 28 °C	1,100 to 2,100	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	700 h to 1,800 h	up to 10%	up to 4 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Cherries Blockers: lateFrost	5a to 8b	20 °C to 29 °C	1,100 to 2,100	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	900 h to 1,600 h	up to 5%	up to 3 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Peaches and nectarines Blockers: lateFrost	5b to 9a	22 °C to 32 °C	1,400 to 2,600	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	500 h to 1,200 h	up to 5%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Plums Blockers: none	4a to 9a	19 °C to 28 °C	1,100 to 2,100	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	700 h to 1,500 h	up to 8%	up to 4 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Apricots Blockers: lateFrost	5b to 9a	22 °C to 32 °C	1,400 to 2,600	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	500 h to 1,200 h	up to 3%	up to 4 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Olives Blockers: hz	8a to 10b	26 °C to 36 °C	1,800 to 3,200	220 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	200 h or more	up to 5%	up to 40 days	up to 400 h	6.5 to 8.5	15% to 60%
Figs Blockers: none	7b to 10b	25 °C to 35 °C	1,800 to 3,300	220 days or more	300 mm to 900 mm	100 h or more	up to 10%	up to 50 days	up to 400 h	6.3 to 8.3	15% to 60%
Pomegranates Blockers: none	8a to 10b	27 °C to 38 °C	2,000 to 3,600	220 days or more	300 mm to 900 mm	200 h or more	up to 5%	up to 50 days	up to 400 h	6.3 to 8.3	15% to 60%
Persimmons Blockers: none	7a to 10a	24 °C to 33 °C	1,800 to 3,200	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	100 h to 800 h	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Kiwifruit Blockers: lateFrost	7b to 9b	22 °C to 30 °C	1,600 to 2,800	150 days or more	800 mm to 1500 mm	600 h to 1,200 h	up to 3%	up to 5 days	up to 450 h	5.5 to 6.8	30% to 70%

Berries · 5 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Blueberries Blockers: ph, hz	4a to 7b	18 °C to 26 °C	900 to 1,900	130 days or more	700 mm to 1400 mm	500 h to 1,600 h	up to 10%	up to 2 days	up to 400 h	4.5 to 5.5	30% to 70%
Strawberries Blockers: none	4a to 10a	18 °C to 26 °C	900 to 1,900	130 days or more	600 mm to 1200 mm	200 h or more	up to 10%	up to 3 days	up to 400 h	5.8 to 6.8	30% to 70%
Raspberries Blockers: none	3a to 8a	17 °C to 26 °C	900 to 1,900	130 days or more	600 mm to 1200 mm	800 h or more	up to 10%	up to 3 days	up to 400 h	5.8 to 6.8	25% to 65%
Blackberries Blockers: none	5a to 9a	19 °C to 28 °C	900 to 1,900	130 days or more	600 mm to 1200 mm	300 h or more	up to 10%	up to 3 days	up to 400 h	5.5 to 7	25% to 65%
Currants Blockers: none	3a to 7a	16 °C to 24 °C	900 to 1,900	130 days or more	600 mm to 1200 mm	1,000 h or more	up to 10%	up to 3 days	up to 400 h	6 to 7.5	20% to 60%

Vines · 2 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Wine grapes Blockers: hz	6a to 10b	24 °C to 32 °C	1,400 to 2,400	180 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 500 h	6 to 8	10% to 60%
Table grapes Blockers: hz	7a to 10b	25 °C to 34 °C	1,700 to 3,000	180 days or more	400 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 400 h	6 to 8	10% to 60%

Citrus · 4 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Lemons Blockers: hz, frostFree, lateFrost	9b to 12a	24 °C to 34 °C	2,500 to 4,500	330 days or more	700 mm to 1600 mm	any	0%	up to 15 days	up to 500 h	5.5 to 7.2	25% to 70%
Oranges Blockers: hz, frostFree, lateFrost	9b to 12a	24 °C to 35 °C	2,500 to 4,500	330 days or more	700 mm to 1600 mm	any	0%	up to 15 days	up to 500 h	5.5 to 7.2	25% to 70%
Mandarins Blockers: frostFree, lateFrost	9a to 12a	24 °C to 34 °C	2,500 to 4,500	300 days or more	700 mm to 1600 mm	any	0%	up to 15 days	up to 500 h	5.5 to 7.2	25% to 70%
Grapefruit Blockers: hz, frostFree, lateFrost	9b to 12a	26 °C to 36 °C	3,000 to 5,500	330 days or more	700 mm to 1600 mm	any	0%	up to 15 days	up to 500 h	5.5 to 7.2	25% to 70%

Tropical fruit · 3 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Avocado Blockers: hz, frostFree, lateFrost	10a to 12a	22 °C to 30 °C	2,500 to 4,500	330 days or more	800 mm to 1800 mm	any	0%	up to 5 days	up to 500 h	5.5 to 7	25% to 70%
Mango Blockers: hz, frostFree	10b to 13a	27 °C to 35 °C	4,000 to 7,500	frost-free or more	750 mm to 2500 mm	any	0%	up to 10 days	up to 600 h	5.5 to 7	25% to 70%
Bananas Blockers: hz, frostFree	10b to 13a	26 °C to 32 °C	4,500 to 8,000	frost-free or more	1200 mm to 3000 mm	any	0%	up to 3 days	up to 600 h	5.5 to 7	25% to 70%

Nuts · 6 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Almonds Blockers: lateFrost	7b to 10a	27 °C to 38 °C	1,800 to 3,200	200 days or more	300 mm to 800 mm	200 h or more	up to 3%	up to 70 days	up to 350 h	6 to 8	25% to 65%
Walnuts Blockers: none	4b to 8b	21 °C to 31 °C	1,400 to 2,600	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	700 h to 1,500 h	up to 8%	up to 8 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 55%
Hazelnuts Blockers: none	4a to 8b	18 °C to 27 °C	1,100 to 2,200	150 days or more	550 mm to 1200 mm	800 h to 1,600 h	up to 15%	up to 3 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%
Pistachios Blockers: none	7b to 10a	30 °C to 40 °C	2,500 to 4,200	220 days or more	200 mm to 600 mm	800 h to 1,500 h	up to 5%	10 days to 90 days	up to 300 h	6.5 to 8.3	30% to 70%
Chestnuts Blockers: none	5a to 9a	21 °C to 30 °C	1,400 to 2,500	150 days or more	700 mm to 1400 mm	400 h to 1,500 h	up to 10%	up to 4 days	up to 450 h	5 to 6.5	30% to 75%
Pecans Blockers: none	6b to 9b	27 °C to 36 °C	2,200 to 3,800	200 days or more	700 mm to 1400 mm	500 h to 1,100 h	up to 5%	up to 30 days	up to 450 h	6 to 7.2	15% to 60%

Herbs and spices · 6 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Lavender Blockers: none	5b to 10a	22 °C to 34 °C	1,200 to 2,800	150 days or more	300 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 15%	up to 30 days	up to 350 h	6.3 to 8	30% to 80%
Basil Blockers: none	3a to 12a	22 °C to 30 °C	1,300 to 3,000	130 days or more	450 mm to 1000 mm	any	up to 10%	up to 10 days	up to 350 h	6 to 7.2	20% to 65%
Rosemary Blockers: none	7b to 10b	22 °C to 34 °C	1,200 to 2,800	150 days or more	300 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 15%	up to 30 days	up to 300 h	6.3 to 8	30% to 80%
Thyme Blockers: none	5a to 10a	22 °C to 34 °C	1,200 to 2,800	150 days or more	300 mm to 800 mm	any	up to 15%	up to 30 days	up to 350 h	6.3 to 8	30% to 80%
Mint Blockers: none	3a to 10a	18 °C to 28 °C	500 to 1,700	90 days or more	600 mm to 1200 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 1 days	up to 500 h	6 to 7.5	20% to 65%
Saffron Blockers: none	5a to 9b	22 °C to 34 °C	1,200 to 2,800	150 days or more	300 mm to 700 mm	200 h or more	up to 20%	up to 30 days	up to 350 h	6.3 to 8	30% to 80%

Fodder and pasture · 3 crops

Crop	Hardiness	Summer heat	Growing degree days	Frost-free season	Rainfall	Winter chill	Late frost	Extreme-heat days	Disease pressure	Soil pH	Soil sand
Alfalfa (lucerne) Blockers: none	3a to 11a	20 °C to 32 °C	800 to 2,800	any	450 mm to 900 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 10 days	up to 600 h	6.5 to 7.8	20% to 70%
Clover pasture Blockers: none	3a to 11a	16 °C to 26 °C	800 to 2,800	any	600 mm to 1200 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 10 days	up to 600 h	5.8 to 7	15% to 60%
Ryegrass pasture Blockers: none	3a to 11a	14 °C to 24 °C	800 to 2,800	any	700 mm to 1400 mm	any	up to 40%	up to 2 days	up to 600 h	5.8 to 7	15% to 60%

How livestock are scored (indicative)

Thirteen animal types (beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry) are scored on twelve factors, with the same ideal and tolerable ranges idea as crops. The score is the weighted share of factors inside the ranges. Heat stress and water access weigh most. Severe heat stress caps the score at 40 for heat-sensitive types. These ranges are indicative and have not yet been reviewed by a livestock specialist. The pasture outlook is a separate 0 to 100 indicator (water for grass 45%, season length 25%, heat 15%, soil pH 15%) mapped to a rough hectares-per-cow band. For sheep and goats the band is scaled (about 5 sheep or 6 goats to a cow); for pigs and poultry no per-acre figure is given, because their numbers depend on housing, rotation and feed. It is not a stocking-rate calculation.

Factor (ideal · tolerable)	Beef cattle, temperate breeds	Beef cattle, heat-tolerant breeds	Dairy cattle, Holstein-type	Dairy cattle, heat-adapted or crossbred	Sheep, wool and lamb breeds	Sheep, hair breeds (heat-tolerant)	Meat goats	Dairy goats	Pigs, outdoor or pasture-raised	Laying hens, free-range	Meat chickens, pasture-raised	Turkeys	Ducks and geese
Summer heat-stress index (THI)	up to 74 up to 82	up to 80 up to 88	up to 68 up to 76	up to 72 up to 80	up to 74 up to 82	up to 80 up to 88	up to 80 up to 88	up to 74 up to 82	up to 72 up to 79	up to 72 up to 80	up to 70 up to 78	up to 72 up to 80	up to 74 up to 82
Days at or above 35 °C per year	up to 10 days up to 35 days	up to 50 days up to 100 days	up to 3 days up to 15 days	up to 10 days up to 30 days	up to 15 days up to 40 days	up to 50 days up to 100 days	up to 50 days up to 100 days	up to 15 days up to 40 days	up to 5 days up to 20 days	up to 5 days up to 20 days	up to 3 days up to 15 days	up to 8 days up to 25 days	up to 10 days up to 30 days
Distance to mapped water	up to 2 km up to 10 km	up to 2 km up to 10 km	up to 1 km up to 5 km	up to 1 km up to 5 km	up to 3 km up to 12 km	up to 3 km up to 12 km	up to 3 km up to 12 km	up to 1 km up to 5 km	up to 5 km up to 20 km	up to 5 km up to 20 km	up to 5 km up to 20 km	up to 5 km up to 20 km	up to 2 km up to 10 km
Annual rainfall	700 mm to 1600 mm 450 mm to 2500 mm	500 mm to 1800 mm 350 mm to 2500 mm	800 mm to 1800 mm 600 mm to 2500 mm	700 mm to 1800 mm 500 mm to 2500 mm	450 mm to 1400 mm 300 mm to 2200 mm	500 mm to 2000 mm 350 mm to 2800 mm	400 mm to 1800 mm 250 mm to 2500 mm	600 mm to 1800 mm 400 mm to 2500 mm	500 mm to 1800 mm 350 mm to 2500 mm	400 mm to 1800 mm 300 mm to 2500 mm	400 mm to 1500 mm 300 mm to 2200 mm	400 mm to 1500 mm 300 mm to 2200 mm	500 mm to 2000 mm 350 mm to 3000 mm
Aridity index (rain ÷ water lost)	0.65 or more 0.45 or more	0.5 or more 0.3 or more	0.75 or more 0.55 or more	0.65 or more 0.45 or more	0.5 or more 0.3 or more	0.4 or more 0.25 or more	0.35 or more 0.2 or more	0.55 or more 0.4 or more	0.5 or more 0.35 or more	0.4 or more 0.25 or more	0.4 or more 0.3 or more	0.4 or more 0.3 or more	0.5 or more 0.35 or more
Frost-free season (days)	200 days or more 120 days or more	230 days or more 150 days or more	200 days or more 120 days or more	210 days or more 130 days or more	150 days or more 90 days or more	200 days or more 140 days or more	180 days or more 110 days or more	180 days or more 110 days or more	150 days or more 90 days or more	120 days or more 60 days or more	150 days or more 100 days or more	150 days or more 100 days or more	120 days or more 60 days or more
Hardiness zone (winter cold)	3a to 9b 2a to 10b	7a or more 6a or more	4a to 9b 3a to 10b	5a or more 4a or more	3a to 9b 2a to 10b	6a or more 5a or more	5a or more 4a or more	3a to 9b 2a to 10b	4a to 9b 3a to 10b	3a to 10a 2a to 11a	4a to 10a 3a to 11a	3a to 10a 2a to 11a	3a to 10a 2a to 11a
Growing degree days (pasture heat)	1,200 to 3,500 700 to 4,500	1,500 to 5,000 900 to 6,000	1,200 to 3,200 800 to 4,200	1,300 to 4,000 800 to 5,000	1,000 to 3,500 600 to 4,500	1,400 to 5,500 900 to 6,500	1,200 to 5,500 800 to 6,500	1,100 to 3,800 700 to 4,800	1,000 to 4,000 600 to 5,000	800 to 4,500 500 to 5,500	1,000 to 4,000 700 to 5,000	1,000 to 4,200 600 to 5,200	800 to 4,200 500 to 5,200
Topsoil pH	5.8 to 7.2 5.3 to 8	5.5 to 7.5 5 to 8.2	5.8 to 7.2 5.3 to 8	5.8 to 7.2 5.3 to 8	5.5 to 7.5 5 to 8.2	5.5 to 7.5 5 to 8.2	5.5 to 8 5 to 8.5	5.8 to 7.5 5.3 to 8.2	5.5 to 7.5 5 to 8.2	5.5 to 8 5 to 8.5	5.5 to 8 5 to 8.5	5.5 to 8 5 to 8.5	5.5 to 8 5 to 8.5
Topsoil sand content	15% to 55% 5% to 75%	10% to 65% 5% to 80%	15% to 50% 5% to 70%	15% to 55% 5% to 75%	15% to 65% 5% to 80%	10% to 70% 5% to 85%	10% to 75% 5% to 90%	15% to 65% 5% to 80%	15% to 70% 5% to 85%	20% to 70% 10% to 85%	20% to 70% 10% to 85%	20% to 70% 10% to 85%	10% to 60% 5% to 80%
Mean slope	up to 10% up to 25%	up to 12% up to 25%	up to 8% up to 15%	up to 8% up to 15%	up to 15% up to 30%	up to 15% up to 30%	up to 25% up to 40%	up to 15% up to 30%	up to 8% up to 15%	up to 12% up to 25%	up to 10% up to 20%	up to 12% up to 25%	up to 10% up to 20%
Leaf-wetness hours (warm season)	up to 300 h up to 800 h	up to 400 h up to 900 h	up to 250 h up to 600 h	up to 300 h up to 700 h	up to 250 h up to 600 h	up to 350 h up to 800 h	up to 300 h up to 700 h	up to 250 h up to 600 h	up to 300 h up to 700 h	up to 300 h up to 700 h	up to 250 h up to 600 h	up to 250 h up to 600 h	up to 600 h up to 1200 h

Data sources: why each can be trusted

Every number in a report comes from one of these sources. The label shows who stands behind it. Government, space-agency and EU-program sources are run by public organizations with published methods. Foundation and cartographic-society sources are open and checkable but vary in coverage.

ERA5 climate reanalysis

Intergovernmental/EU program

ECMWF for the EU's Copernicus Climate Change Service; Open-Meteo redistributes it

Used for: Temperature, rain, humidity, cloud, wind, evapotranspiration, hardiness, growing degree days, frost, chill and leaf-wetness hours.

Why it is reliable: ERA5 is produced by ECMWF, an independent intergovernmental weather organization, for the European Union's Copernicus programme. It blends decades of real observations (weather stations, satellites, balloons, aircraft) with a physical weather model, and it is one of the most widely used climate datasets in research and by national weather services. Open-Meteo is an independent open-source service that delivers the data through a simple interface without changing the values.

Where it falls short: A 0.25° grid cell (about 25 km) smooths local extremes and cold-air pockets. These are modeled values, not readings from a station on your land.

License: CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus) · Source website

SoilGrids 2.0

Globally recognized scientific organization

ISRIC – World Soil Information

Used for: Topsoil sand, silt, clay, pH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and coarse fragments.

Why it is reliable: ISRIC is an independent foundation in the Netherlands with a long-standing mandate for soil information and is a recognized data center for the international soil community. SoilGrids is described in a peer-reviewed scientific paper and is widely used in agricultural and environmental research.

Where it falls short: These are machine-learning predictions from soil profile records and satellite data at 250 m, with real uncertainty, and they are the weakest where soil samples are sparse. Only one cell is read per report. A lab test is the real answer.

License: CC BY 4.0 · Source website

USDA soil survey (SSURGO)

Government agency

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

Used for: For sites in the United States: the soil map unit at the site and across the area, its main soils, topsoil texture, pH, organic matter and CEC, drainage, land capability class, farmland class, flooding, water storage and depth to bedrock.

Why it is reliable: SSURGO is the official US soil survey. Soil scientists walked the land, dug and described soil profiles, and drew the boundaries between soils, and NRCS publishes the results. It is the standard reference for US farm programs and land-use planning.

Where it falls short: Each value is an average for a mapped area that usually holds several soils, plus small patches of others, so it is not a measurement at your exact spot. Survey age and detail differ by county, and some areas (built-up land, water, some public land) are only roughly described. It covers the United States only.

License: Public domain (US government data) · Source website

AWS Terrain Tiles (Terrarium)

Government agency

Elevation data compiled by NASA (SRTM) and the U.S. Geological Survey (3DEP), with national mapping agencies outside the US; tiles assembled by Mapzen and hosted in the AWS Open Data program

Used for: Elevation, slope, slope direction and the elevation and slope map layers.

Why it is reliable: The heights come from public elevation models produced by space and mapping agencies, such as NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and the U.S. Geological Survey, blended with national datasets. The tiles are published in the AWS Open Data registry so anyone can check them.

Where it falls short: Roughly 15 to 30 m detail. Trees and buildings can affect heights, and different source models are blended, so small terraces and ditches are not resolved.

License: Public domain in the United States (USGS 3DEP and NASA SRTM, courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey). Outside the US, each national source model has its own attribution terms. · Source website

ESA WorldCover 2021

Space agency

European Space Agency and a consortium of research partners

Used for: Land-cover shares (cropland, forest, built-up, water) and the land-cover map layer.

Why it is reliable: WorldCover is a global 10 m map made by the European Space Agency from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite images. ESA publishes an independent validation report with its accuracy figures, and the product is used by governments and researchers.

Where it falls short: Accuracy is good but not perfect (ESA reports roughly three quarters of pixels correct overall, and cropland is harder to map than forest or water). It shows land use in 2021, not the crop that grows there.

License: CC BY 4.0 · Source website

OpenStreetMap (Overpass and Nominatim)

Foundation

OpenStreetMap contributors, supported by the OpenStreetMap Foundation

Used for: Place names and address search, rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs, and the base map.

Why it is reliable: OpenStreetMap is a global map maintained by millions of contributors and used by governments, humanitarian agencies and large companies. Where mapping is dense (Europe, North America) rivers and lakes are usually well covered, and every edit is public and can be checked.

Where it falls short: Community mapped, so coverage varies by region. Small streams and seasonal water can be missing or out of date.

License: ODbL. Attribution to OpenStreetMap contributors is required. · Source website

Natural Earth 1:50m coastline

Cartographic society (NACIS)

Natural Earth, a public-domain map dataset supported by the cartographic community (NACIS)

Used for: Distance to the sea.

Why it is reliable: Natural Earth is a long-running, carefully edited public-domain map dataset used in atlases and GIS teaching worldwide.

Where it falls short: A generalized coastline at 1:50 million scale, so distances are accurate to a few kilometers.

License: Public domain · Source website

GloFAS river discharge

Intergovernmental/EU program

ECMWF and the EU Joint Research Centre for the Copernicus Emergency Management Service

Used for: The river flooding indicator.

Why it is reliable: The Global Flood Awareness System is part of the EU's Copernicus Emergency Management Service and is used by civil-protection agencies for flood forecasting. It simulates river flow worldwide.

Where it falls short: A river-model cell of about 5 km, which may represent a nearby larger river or a small stream. It is an indicator, not a flood-zone map. Check official flood maps before buying.

License: CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus, Open-Meteo) · Source website

USGS Earthquake Catalog (ComCat)

Government agency

U.S. Geological Survey

Used for: The earthquake indicator.

Why it is reliable: The U.S. Geological Survey is a U.S. federal science agency. Its catalog combines data from seismic networks around the world and is a standard reference for earthquake history.

Where it falls short: Completeness varies by region and time. Small earthquakes outside the United States may be missing. It shows history, not a hazard model.

License: Public domain · Source website

Datasets, resolution and license

Source and dataset	Resolution and period	License
Open-Meteo Historical Weather API ERA5 reanalysis (ECMWF / Copernicus C3S) Reanalysis values for the grid cell containing the site; hardiness zone from the 30-year mean annual extreme minimum; GDD, chill hours and frost metrics computed from daily and hourly series.	0.25° grid (about 25 km) Daily temperature, rain, humidity and evapotranspiration 1991–2020; hourly temperature, humidity, cloud and wind 2011–2020	CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus / Open-Meteo)
ISRIC SoilGrids 2.0 REST API SoilGrids 2.0 (machine-learning soil property maps) Sand, silt, clay, pH, organic carbon, CEC and coarse fragments read at the site point and weighted over 0–5, 5–15 and 15–30 cm. Organic matter is estimated as organic carbon × 1.724.	250 m cell at the site point Modeled from soil profiles, 0–30 cm depth-weighted mean	CC BY 4.0 (ISRIC)
USDA NRCS Soil Data Access SSURGO, the Soil Survey Geographic Database The map unit at the site point and the map units inside the analyzed area were read. Sand, silt, clay, pH, organic matter, CEC and coarse fragments were averaged over 0–30 cm, weighted by horizon thickness and by each soil's share of the map unit.	Mapped soil polygons (survey scale about 1:12,000 to 1:24,000), one set of values per map unit Current published survey. The survey year differs by county	Public domain (US government data)
Mapzen / AWS Terrain Tiles Terrarium elevation tiles (SRTM, ASTER, national DEMs blended) Slope and aspect from central differences over the analyzed area; statistics count only cells inside the area.	Roughly 15–30 m depending on zoom and latitude	Attribution to the source DEMs required
ESA WorldCover 10 m v200 (2021) ESA WorldCover 2021 Class shares counted over pixels inside the analyzed area (radius circle or drawn polygon); farmland is the Cropland class.	10 m (read from overviews for large radii) 2021	CC BY 4.0 (ESA WorldCover consortium)
OpenStreetMap via Overpass API; Natural Earth 1:50m coastline OSM rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs; Natural Earth coastline Nearest distance from the site point to mapped rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs within the search radius, plus distance to the coast.	Vector features; distances measured to the nearest mapped line	ODbL (OpenStreetMap contributors); Natural Earth is public domain
Open-Meteo Flood API (GloFAS), USGS Earthquake Catalog, ERA5 via Open-Meteo GloFAS river discharge 1991–2020; USGS ComCat 1976–present; ERA5 climate Indicative ratings from our own threshold bands. Not a substitute for official hazard maps.	Flood grid about 5 km; earthquakes within 200 km; climate 25 km	CC BY 4.0 (Open-Meteo / GloFAS); USGS public domain
OpenStreetMap Nominatim OpenStreetMap place data	Municipality level	ODbL (OpenStreetMap contributors)

Place search

Place names and searches use OpenStreetMap Nominatim: one request per second, results cached, and the search runs only when you submit it.

Plots, crops and links

Area: you can mark land by tapping its corners on the map or as a location and radius (1 to 25 km). A drawn plot can have 3 to 60 corners and must fit within 25 km of its center. Terrain, land cover and water use every cell inside the plot. Climate is a 25 km grid and soil is one 250 m cell, both read at the plot's center.
Crops are optional. The land profile is complete without them. Choosing one to four crops, on the input screen or later inside the report, adds crop scores, limits and mitigations. Changing crops never reloads data.
Saved reports: each report is saved under a private id. The address of a report carries only that id, never the location, and once the data has been pulled it is saved with the report, so opening the link again shows the same data without pulling it again.
Plain-language summaries at the top of each section are written by fixed rules from the numbers below them, not by a language model, so each sentence traces back to a value you can inspect.
Source buttons: the small i next to a number opens where it came from, how it was worked out, and the raw response the source sent back.

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